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Eduard von Capelle
Admiral Eduard von Capelle (10 October 1855 – 23 February 1931) was a German Imperial Navy officer from Celle. He served in the navy from 1872 until his retirement in October, 1918. During his career, Capelle served in the ''Reichsmarineamt'' (Imperial Navy Office), where he was primarily responsible for writing the Fleet Laws that funded the expansion of the High Seas Fleet. By the time he retired, Capelle had risen to the rank of admiral, and had served at the post of state secretary for the ''Reichsmarineamt''. From this post, he oversaw the German naval war during the latter three years of World War I. Capelle retired to Wiesbaden, where he died on 23 February 1931.
==Early career==
Eduard Capelle was born on 10 October 1855, in Celle, in what was then the Kingdom of Hanover.〔 His father, Eduard (1832–1897), was a factory owner, and his mother was Emilie Kraus (1831–1903); the younger Eduard had a brother, Hans (1864–1948), a physicist who served as President of the German Naval Observatory.〔Walther Hubatsch, ("Capelle , Eduard Carl Ernst von (seit 1912)" ) in ''Deutsche Neue Biographie'', vol. 3 (1957), p. 131. Online version, retrieved 30 May 2015.
〕 Capelle joined the Imperial German Navy in 1872, as a naval cadet. He served in various capacities in the fleet,〔 including in the ''Torpedowesen'' (Torpedo Department) with Alfred von Tirpitz.〔Gottschall, p. 225〕 In December 1894, he was serving as the executive officer of the battleship .〔Hildebrand Röhr & Steinmetz, p. 175〕 He was later assigned to the ''Reichsmarineamt'' (RMA), the Imperial Navy Office, as the chief of the administrative department.〔Weir, p. 23〕 In this capacity, he began to work closely with now-Admiral von Tirpitz, who had been promoted to become the State Secretary for the Navy.〔Tucker & Roberts, p. 426〕 Capelle was responsible for drafting the legislation that became the ''Flottengesetz'', the Fleet Laws, and the supplementary laws in 1906, 1908, and 1912.〔Tucker & Roberts, pp. 426–427〕 During this period, he and other senior members of the naval command worked repeatedly to break monopolies in the shipbuilding industry, as a means to keep costs low and stable.〔Weir, p. 55〕 The only firm that proved resistant to their efforts was Krupp, which held a near monopoly on armor plating and large-caliber guns, and proved to be too powerful for the RMA to effectively pressure.〔Weir, p. 70〕
Capelle was promoted to ''konteradmiral'' (rear admiral) in 1906, and to ''vizeadmiral'' (vice admiral) three years later.〔 In 1912, Capelle was elevated to the nobility, which allowed him to add "von" to his name.〔Tucker, p. 46〕 He rose to the rank of admiral in 1913,〔 and by 1914, he was Tirpitz's deputy. During the July Crisis that instigated World War I, Capelle was temporarily the acting state secretary, as Tirpitz was away at his summer home.〔Hamilton & Herwig, pp. 157–158〕 In this capacity, he endorsed the "blank check" Kaiser Wilhelm II had extended to Austria-Hungary in the aftermath of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian terrorists the previous month.〔Fischer, p. 54〕 With regard to the deepening crisis, Capelle stated that while "many swords will be rattled and much poisonous ink spilled, Europe will not tear itself to pieces over Serbia.〔Herwig (1972), p. 211〕
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